Western Oxus-Indus Heartland
(3rd to 2nd millenium B.C.)

	1. A general map of the Ancient "Oxus Indus Heartland," which reaches from the southern Caspian Sea to Malwa and Kutch to the Southeast and is bisected by the Khyber Pass over the Hindu Kush.
	2. Map of the western portion of "Oxus-Indus Heartland." Here was located the Namazga and Altyn Tepe civilizations.

Namazga civilization

	1. Cast copper grave good. Mirror with palm-tree incised handle. Lacking provenance, but probably Namazga V. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 27 cm.
	2. Coppy-alloy cast Bactrian camel. Stylization includes massed hair at top of forelegs, at neck and top of head, and a short tail curling up to meet the rump. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 8.7 cm. The casting is hollow and attached to the base. The use of these typical grave-good animal figurines is unknown. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI.
	3. Cast copper-alloy cosmetic container. A stylized moufflon. (New York: Metropolitan Museum). The body is rather schematized with exagerated horns and chest hair. 7.8 cm. The head has a hole in which to put a precious cosmetic, probably lead-based black paste. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	4. Square chlorite or steatite cosmetic container with incised geometric motif. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). Typical Namazga V-VI grave good.
	5. Chlorite or steatite and marble container in form of a seated female figure. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 9.5 cm. Representational sculpture in the Western Oxus-Indus region is rare, but an exception are some female figures seated or squating on a platform and wearing an enveloping robe decorated with a sheep's fleece pattern. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). There seems to be affinities with the Iranian Plateau, and the figure could well be divine. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	6. Copper-alloy garment pin. Two recumbant markhor caprids lying back to back on the top of a sphere. Garnet pins, whether plain or with a decorative head, are common in the Near East, but this is a particularly elaborate example. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	7. Electrum cup with cast birds of prey riveted to the rim. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 12 cm. Chased geometric designs on metal and ceramic vessels is typical, but a decoration in the round like this is rare. Birds of prey are typical of the region's iconography. Presumably this vessel was used for ritual rather than drinking because the birds would have made drinking from it impractical. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	8. Silver goblet. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 11.5 cm. This goblet was made by hammering from sheet silver. It may have been used for rituals or for an aristocratic display of wealth. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	9. In Western Oxus-Indus Middle Bronze there appeared stone or metal compartmentalized stamp seals. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 6.9 cm. Such seals may have been exported to areas in the Near East. While possibly indicate ownership of traded goods, they are more likely amuletes or suspended from the belt as a tribal identifiers. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	10. Two-sided stamp seal of chlorite or steatite with clay impressions. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). Glyptic art in this region goes back to the Early Bronze and was highly developed, especially in Margiana and Proto-Bactria, where there were both cylinder and stamp seals, either drilled or ingraved. Stamp seals such as this usually had animal designs and a longitudinal hole for stringing for suspension from the belt. Here a winged dragon with a heart is on one side, and a snake behind a plant on the other. These may have been tribal identifiers. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	11. Two-sided chlorite or steatite stamp seal with clay impressions. On one side a winged nude hero with boots overcomes snakes; on the other, a winged dragon with raised tail approaches a tree. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 4.7 cm. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	12. Shaft-hole battle axe of copper alloy. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 7.9 cm. Copper alloy weapons are common grave goods in the area. It accomodates a wooden shaft that is held in by a rivet through the hole on the side. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	13. Copper-alloy shaft-hole battle axe. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 12.7 cm. A dragon spits out the blade between its jaws. From the butt emerge a bird's head and a pair of folded wings. The iconography is obscure, but the axe may have been a dynastic symbol. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.
	14. Ceremonial battle shaft-hole axe with bird demon, boar, and dragon. Silver with gilt foil. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art). 15 cm. No provenance, but probably Namazga V-VI grave good.

Proto-Bactria (2nd millenium)

1. Gold armletes terminating in fantastic griffin lion heads. 2nd millenium B.C. Tillya-tepe necropolis, Bactria. Reflects the local gold working tradition having its origin in Proto-Bactria.